How is the antibody formed?
After the antigen enters the body, the first part is captured by the antigen-presenting cells, and is processed and presented to Th (T cell helper cells to activate Th cells, and the other part directly binds to the antigen receptor (BCR) on the surface of B cells to produce stimulation B. The first signal of cell activation, then activated Th cells give B cells a second stimulation signal, when B cells are activated to produce antibodies that bind antigen-specifically. Then the antibodies pass their own macrophages, neutrophils Receptors of phagocytic cells such as cells bind to these cells, mediating the antigen-antibody complex to be phagocytosed and then degraded. Humoral immunity: The light chain and heavy chain V genes of the germinal center mother cells can undergo high-frequency point mutations in the antigen In the case of induction, the appearance of a large number of antigens in the primary immune response allows various B cell clones expressing BCRs with different affinities to be selected and activated, producing antibodies of various affinities. Each B cell begins with All express IgM, first secrete IgM in the immune response, rearrange the gene through the heavy chain C region, and then produce IgG, IgA, which plays a major immune response. Cellular immunity: antigen is presented to T cells, T Cell activation, produce large amounts of cytokines, such as interferons, interleukins etc., involved in the process of cellular immunity.
working principle:
(1) Specific binding of antigen: The antibody itself cannot directly dissolve or kill target cells carrying specific antigens, and usually requires complement or phagocytic cells to exert effects together to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms or cause pathological damage. However, antibodies can directly exert the effect of neutralizing viruses by specifically binding to viruses or toxins.
(2) Activation of complement: IgM, IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 activate complement by the classical pathway, and condensed IgA, IgG4, and IgE can activate complement by an alternative pathway.
(3) Binding cells: Different classes of immunoglobulins can bind to different kinds of cells and participate in immune responses.
(4) through the placenta and mucosa: immunoglobulin G (IgG) can enter the fetal blood flow through the placenta, so that the fetus forms a natural passive immunity. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) can pass through the digestive tract and respiratory mucosa, and is a major factor in the local anti-infective immunity of mucosa.
(5) It has antigenicity: an antibody molecule is a protein and also has the property of stimulating the body to produce an immune response. Different immunoglobulin molecules each have a different antigenicity.
(6) The resistance of the antibody to the physical and chemical factors is the same as that of the general globulin: it is destroyed when it is not heat-resistant at 60 to 70 °C. Various enzymes and substances that can coagulate and denature proteins can destroy the action of antibodies. Antibodies can be precipitated by neutral salts. The antibody-containing globulin is usually precipitated from the immune serum by ammonium sulfate or sodium sulfate in production, and then purified by dialysis.
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