Acetaldehyde, also known as ethanal, is an aldehyde and a common organic compound with the chemical formula CH₃CHO or MeCHO. It is one of the most significant aldehydes due to its wide industrial applications and natural occurrence. This compound can be found in various everyday items such as coffee, bread, and ripe fruits, and it is also produced by plants as part of their metabolic processes. Acetaldehyde is formed through the oxidation of ethanol, which is why it's often linked to hangovers after alcohol consumption.
At room temperature, acetaldehyde exists as a colorless, flammable liquid with a sharp, pungent odor. Its melting point is -123.5°C, and it boils at 20.2°C. It can undergo both reduction to form ethanol and oxidation to produce acetic acid, making it a versatile intermediate in chemical synthesis.
In terms of health risks, acetaldehyde is highly toxic. At low concentrations, it can irritate the eyes, nose, and upper respiratory tract, leading to conditions like bronchitis. High-level exposure may cause more severe effects, including headaches, drowsiness, unconsciousness, pulmonary edema, diarrhea, and even damage to the heart, liver, and kidneys. Prolonged exposure can result in chronic poisoning, similar to alcoholism, with symptoms such as weight loss, anemia, paralysis, hallucinations, and mental disorders. In extreme cases, it can be fatal.
Environmentally, acetaldehyde is harmful and can pollute water sources, posing a risk to aquatic life and ecosystems. Proper disposal and handling are essential to minimize its environmental impact.
In case of skin contact, remove contaminated clothing immediately and wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water. For eye exposure, lift the eyelids and rinse with running water or saline solution, then seek medical attention. If inhaled, move the person to fresh air, ensure the airway remains open, and provide oxygen if needed. If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration and seek immediate medical help. Ingestion should be treated by drinking warm water and inducing vomiting, followed by prompt medical care.
To protect yourself, wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when working with acetaldehyde. Use a filter-type gas mask (half mask) when airborne concentrations exceed safety standards. Wear chemical safety goggles to protect your eyes, and use anti-static overalls for full-body protection. Always wear rubber gloves to prevent hand contact. Avoid smoking, eating, or drinking in the work area, and take a shower after finishing work to maintain good hygiene.
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