Editor's note: New advances in the medical field are closely related to disease treatment. Many people are very concerned about it. A few days ago, the US "Time" magazine selected the "top ten" breakthroughs in the medical field. Including: pointing out that 98% of the genes in the human genome that are not encoded are the real gene masters and metabolic switches; the microorganisms in the human body can help us overcome some of the most difficult health problems to solve; the powerful weapon against HIV "Truvada" (Truvada) is further becoming the first drug to prevent HIV infection in healthy people and several other important breakthroughs.
The annual "Top Ten" rankings of various fields selected by the US "Time" magazine have been released recently, and the breakthrough of the "Top Ten" in the medical field has also been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. It covers the basics of life research, breakthroughs in AIDS and cancer treatment, stem cells and regenerative medicine, adolescent health and many other public concerns.
1. "Junk DNA" is the master
98% of the human genome is uncoded genes, which used to be regarded as useless "garbage". Nowadays, people find these neglected "garbage" more useful. In fact, they are the real gene masters and metabolic switches! They regulate when and how genes work and how to efficiently produce different proteins. Without them, genes are like messy words that don't even make sentences. Scientists are exploring this newly discovered treasure trove of biological information in order to find gene switches that can control or even cure certain diseases.
2. Human microbes have "great deeds"
What are the most components in the human body? Cells? Genes? All are wrong, they are microorganisms! The ratio of their number to human cells reaches 10: 1. Recently, researchers have just completed the first phase of the "Human Microbiome Project", which aims to understand the types and effects of microbes in the human body most widely.
Most microorganisms are human friends, such as helping people digest food or enhance the immune system. But with the deepening of research, scientists have discovered that microbes in the body also play a key role in many chronic diseases and symptoms, such as inflammation and obesity. Not only are they not annoying intruders, they can even help us overcome some of the most difficult health problems to solve.
3. Anti-HIV drugs "take the whole course"
"Truvada" (Truvada) has become a powerful weapon against HIV (HIV), which combines two antiviral drugs. Now, it has become the first drug to prevent HIV infection in healthy people. Basic experiments have shown that the use of this drug by uninfected people can reduce their risk of HIV infection. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has expanded Truvada ’s scope of licensing to allow people with high risk of HIV infection to use the drug. Studies have shown that high-risk gay men and their HIV-positive partners have a 42% to 75% lower risk of infection after using the drug.
However, there are also concerns that the drug may lead to an increase in high-risk behaviors such as unprotected sex, and public health experts welcome this new way to fight AIDS—preventing infections from the first step.
4. Body parts "made in laboratory"
The trachea is not the same as the kidney or liver, and it is not one of the regular transplanted organs. But through stem cell technology, it can also cultivate its own trachea for patients in need. The Karolinska Institute used synthetic microfibers and stem cells collected from the patient's bone marrow to create an artificial trachea and successfully connected the patient's nose, mouth and lungs. The patient's trachea was destroyed by cancer. In the first case, a deceased person donated a trachea to provide a growth scaffold for the stem cells of a Spanish woman. In the latest development, scientists use bioengineering matrices to cultivate cells.
This technology represents the future of regenerative medicine, where all types of stem cells, including skin cells from patients, can be used as a basis for growing any type of cell or tissue for patients to replace or repair.
5. There is "new hope" for reversing autism
The researchers claim that early behavioral therapy can help normalize brain patterns in children with autism. Children with autism spectrum disorders, by participating in the "EarlyStartDenverModel" (ESDM) project, their brains have changed when dealing with faces and other objects. This is undoubtedly exciting news for parents of autistic children.
The model includes a large number of social and language activities related to children. Usually, autistic children's brains are more active when viewing images of inanimate objects, such as toys, than seeing images of people, but after two years of ESDM treatment, the opposite changes have occurred and are close to the normal development of children. But well-trained teachers are also the key to the success of the project.
6. DNA analysis "breaks the ice" breast cancer
Breast cancer is undoubtedly a complex disease, caused by various factors such as genetics and lifestyle. But the researchers analyzed the latest DNA from breast tumors and found that breast cancer may be slightly simpler than originally thought.
The Cancer Genome Atlas project has sequenced dozens of cancers and found 30,000 mutations in 510 breast tumor samples, but these mutations can be grouped into 4 major subtypes. One of the subtypes shows a close connection with ovarian cancer, which means that the latter method may also be helpful in the treatment of breast cancer; the other subtype explains that women with HER-2 receptor tumors have certain drugs , Such as Herceptin (Herceptin) individual efficacy differences. These results will change the way doctors treat breast cancer, and sometimes even the difference between survival and incurable disease.
7. Newborn DNA diagnosis "speed up"
50 hours, this is the time it takes to decipher and interpret a newborn ’s genome, which used to take weeks or even months. For a seriously ill baby, two days is the difference between life and death. This rapid genomic analysis technology also incorporates a new software, linked to the genetic defects of 3,500 known childhood diseases, allowing doctors to quickly decide which method to save the baby's life.
About 30% of infants entering the neonatal intensive care unit each year have genetic diseases. In the future, sequencing their genomes may become the key to improving the level of care.
8. "Decoding" children's tumor genes
In recent years, the pediatric cancer survival rate has increased to 80% to 90%, but most of this is due to the early diagnosis of tumors and some mature treatment methods, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Doctors hope that the "Pediatric Cancer Genome Project" can become a "rich source" of new therapeutic targets. The three-year project will cost US $ 65 million to sequence major pediatric cancers. Understanding the gene-driven mechanism of cancer is expected to reveal the common path between different types of cancer, so that doctors can learn from each other in the treatment of various tumors, or develop new drugs to inhibit abnormal growth of cells. Future cancer treatments are expected to further improve survival rates.
9. Artificial mouse egg cells
Stem cells have created many seemingly impossible biomedical miracles: treating diabetes, helping paralyzed patients to walk again, repairing damaged heart tissue, etc. But even for stem cells, it is a huge challenge to regenerate the most basic components of life-eggs and sperm.
Japanese scientists used two kinds of stem cells from mice, one from embryos that had just developed for a few days, and the other from reprogrammed adult mouse skin cells. The egg cells were successfully fertilized and developed into healthy young mice, and the stem cells of these young mice were tested to have regenerative ability. This achievement represents a breakthrough and is expected to provide new treatments for infertile human couples.
10. Virus "eliminates" acne
Sometimes it is a good way to "fight against poison with poison", and now doctors have begun to use this method to deal with acne. They use a "softer" virus to fight the bacteria that cause skin rashes. In fact, this virus already exists deep in the pores of the skin. They have the ability to infect bacterial cells. What we have to do now is to transform it into a "virus manufacturing plant", increase the number of viruses, and then wait for the bacteria to destroy themselves.
Researchers say that you can apply ointments containing viruses or, more simply, ointments containing germs produced by viruses. Both methods can bring refreshing skin to teenagers.
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