I. Review Since 1985, when we went to the United States to inspect the education of packaging engineering, we returned the full set of teaching plans and teaching materials of the School of Packaging at Michigan State University back to our original packaging machinery professional teaching plan. First of all, we have created a packaging engineering undergraduate program with a “horizontal knowledge model†and it has been 15 years since. The national textbooks for the first set of packaging projects suitable for China's national conditions were introduced to the country in the mid-1980s. With the development of the market economy, driven by the upsurge of packaging for the entire people, such as springing up, more than 20 universities have opened this popular and professional or related course. So far, it is estimated that there are thousands of junior college students across the country who have specialized in packaging engineering and have made great contributions to the development of China's packaging industry.
In these years of educational practice, people have been constantly questioning this profession. What do you say about packaging engineering? It's not like a profession. Whatever you learn and what you don't have is fine. Does society need such a "generalist"? Some schools were suspended for various subjective and objective reasons. Some schools adjusted their professional orientation to their original packaging machinery. It was really a cross-border flow of the vast sea, and there was a big wave of Ebbing. Our packaging engineering majors were so ups and downs that they survived and were surviving with their hopes and explorations for the future.
Second, the characteristics of the packaging industry must face the 21st century exactly what kind of, and now there are different opinions. According to the current development trend of the society, it can be roughly summarized as the following:
1. The economic globalization is irresistible, and the flow of people, logistics, information flow, and capital flow is convenient.
2. High-tech, represented by information, biology, materials, and energy, is developing with each passing day.
3. The explosion of the knowledge economy has begun to take shape. Networking is profoundly changing human life patterns.
4. The concept of rationalization, such as sustainable development, cooperation and dialogue, and people-centeredness, has become more and more popular.
5. People are pursuing a new pursuit of spiritual civilization and human development.
As a result, social development in the future will show trends of speed, integration, rationalization, and multifariousness. Our higher engineering education must adapt to these changes and break through the tendencies and limitations of traditional education.
Third, the transformation of the above analysis, packaging engineering education for the 21st century is necessary to rethink, in the concept must be completely changed.
2,500 years ago, the Chinese educator Confucius advocated "teaching without class" and "teaching according to aptitude" in education. Western classical education rationalism believes that education is to promote human reason.
The education we are currently implementing is basically a science education and technology education thought from the former Soviet Union and the United States. In order to adapt to the needs of the industrial society, it is basically to look at education as an investment in resources for adults and as a means to provide backup talents for the development of science and technology and the production of large industries. Education pursues technical and economical practical goals, ignoring the changes in the human mind and cultivating personality; focusing on the study of practical knowledge and skills, ignoring the spirit and values ​​of human beings; re-inheriting while ignoring innovation. Therefore, modern education must be a complete education, that is, education must not only prepare for the actual material life of the educated in the future, but also conduct spiritual government to achieve the sublimation of personality. This is reflected in the three aspects that should be concerned with talent cultivation: K (knowledge) knowledge, A (Ability) ability, Q (Quality) quality; to know knowledge, to do, and learn to be (to be) )Relationship.
UNESCO’s education in the 21st century has stated that higher education should have four pillars:
1. Learning to know means to master the tools of understanding the world.
2, learning to do (learning to do), that is, learn to work in a certain environment. Emphasize the "change from skills to capabilities." Competencies include hands-on skills, as well as the ability to deal with interpersonal skills, social behavior, collective cooperation attitude, subjective initiative, communicative competence, ability to manage and resolve contradictions, and the courage to take risks.
3. Learn to live together, cultivate participation in the human activities and the whole spirit.
4, learning to be (learning to be) to adapt and transform their own environment. At present, we are still in the initial stage of socialism and the market economy is being perfected. Education should be the existence of noumenon, and it should not be seen only as a tool for training. Education is to serve the politics and economy of today, but it is also necessary to promote their development and teach people to learn to survive in value. The fundamental purpose of modern education should be to establish the subjective status of the educated in education, enhance their awareness of the subject, stimulate their enthusiasm, self-reliance, and creativity, internalize the social culture into the content of the educated subject structure, and make it develop into a Valuable subjective person. In short, the purpose of education is only to stay in the training of the scientific and technological talents needed for economic development. It is not enough, and there are also constructive people who are rich in the subjectivity of the screen.
As one of the engineering education in education and the connotation of the packaging engineering profession, there is also a frequently debated issue, which is the understanding of the word “engineeringâ€. We have repeatedly emphasized the importance of "engineering" education for the development of China's packaging industry. We must step out from the traditional mode of simple packaging and decorating.
The term engineering, and the word “engine†and “engineous†with inventions, all originate from the same Latin root engenium, which means talent, ability, and invention. Modern engineering is the application of scientific knowledge and economic knowledge to the art of designing, manufacturing, or completing construction projects, machines, and materials that are useful to humans. It is a process that artificially makes nature a reality in accordance with the established goals of human beings. It is a process in which humans create useful human resources. A practice of things. Engineering is a practical activity that includes technology and also includes non-technical (politics, economics, culture, art). Technology contains scientific principles, but also contains a variety of non-scientific (but only know it but I do not know what their experience, skills, know-how, may not know their intuition, inspiration, imagination, creativity).
The complete process of engineering activities includes three aspects: engineering conception, engineering design, and engineering practice. The engineering design is at the core position and is the basis for the creation of human activities.
One of the central issues facing the project is scarcity. Because resources (land, capital, energy, time, and attention) are scarce in use, resource allocation is a matter of rationality. There is no future for projects that are subject to social constraints and that are separated from national goals. The project will be influenced by different cultural exchanges, collisions and integrations. Engineering activities will also be constrained by the ecological environment.
In the face of actual engineering tasks, future engineers must sign the following four questions: Will it be done (the basic problems formed by the constraints of the scientific environment and the technological environment); Values ​​are not worthwhile (constrained by the economic environment) The basic issues of formation); whether it can be done (basic issues formed by constraints of the political environment and socio-cultural environment); should not be done (basic issues formed by constraints of the ecological environment).
Engineering is to create for its own mission. What needs to be created is something that is not yet available. This is an essential feature of the engineering profession. With the impulse to create, engineers will integrate conditions in all aspects, continue to advance through design and practice, and maximize social satisfaction. The essence of the project is his creation, invention, design, and construction. It is a synthesis, creation, and practice that integrates human reason, will, and emotion. The complexity of design is that it depends not only on science and technology, but also on cultural phenomena as well as commercial phenomena. Design is seen as a means of solving functions, creating markets, influencing society, and changing behaviors. It is an activity under the influence of multiple factors. The purpose of the design is to provide a more convenient, comfortable and economical service for the human society. At the same time, it also increases profits for enterprises and promotes market exchange and prosperity.
The current marketing concept is moving from the concept of consumer-centric marketing management to the concept of social marketing. Designers of packaging systems must consider the overall interests of society. The packaging engineering education should therefore strengthen the content in this area and solve the problems that currently have the highest demand for white pollution.
Engineering education should be extended and delayed. Primary and secondary schools should solve the basic education of knowledge and quality. When students enter university to study packaging projects, they must properly handle the cultivation of basic knowledge, skills, abilities, and qualities, and lay a solid foundation for them to continue their studies in the future. The graduates are just a fledgling engineer's bill, and they need to constantly update their knowledge and experience in the long-term work after graduation. Some of the more specific issues can be studied during graduate studies.
IV. Patterns The education model we are adopting still follows the traditional “processing modelâ€. Teachers imitate skilled craftsmen to design and process products, imagining students as raw materials, and according to their own goals and formulating teaching plans that meet the needs of the packaging industry. Process students into packaging engineers. Recently, we have also discussed the implementation of the “process modelâ€, which is to constantly adjust the education process according to the characteristics of the students’ growth and to develop the students who are interested in the packaging process to the craft, so that students who are interested in machinery learn more mechanical knowledge and make the fine arts. Students with good basics develop into packaging and decorating; or consider implementing two or three professional orientations and adopt slightly different educational processes. Both of these education models have failed to fundamentally change students' passive status. Therefore, under the premise that our country is still in the initial stage of socialism and there are some social abuses, before the exam-oriented education in secondary schools is not completely corrected, under the premise that the family’s excessive love for one-child children is difficult to change for the time being, we will explore ways to improve students’ learning initiative. Sexual and conscientious education models are particularly important.
According to the foregoing analysis, in order to meet the needs of the 21st century, as an ideal education model, it is necessary to achieve the following three changes:
1. Experts → Generalists (Targets: Basic, Complex, Global, Divergent). Narrow counterparts professional education → wide-caliber adaptive professional education based on general education → innovative generalist (grasping the overall situation) education.
2, teaching → education (mode: comprehensive, integrated, comprehensive, coordinated). Simply focus on knowledge transfer → the coordinated development of knowledge, ability, and quality → fully cultivate a new generation of people.
3, teaching → learning (process: personality, looseness, initiative, creativity). A teacher-centered, unilateral teaching concept of knowledge → A student-centered, teacher-led “learning conceptâ€, where teachers and students build knowledge structures, explore truth, and allow students to critically consider all power structures, adopting the “approval modelâ€. "To give full play to the students' ability to use them.
For China's current packaging engineering education model, it should be determined according to China's national conditions, it is impossible to achieve the above-mentioned ideal state. The initial assumption is whether a comprehensive "hierarchical model" can be implemented. That is to say, in the lower grades, students who still lack self-learning ability will be meticulously trained according to the “processing mode†and “process modeâ€. They will lay a good foundation, induce self-consciousness in learning, and gradually increase their learning ability and initiative. In the upper grades, the transition was based on the “critical mode†and faced student differences in their ability to teach students in accordance with their aptitude.
V. Framework In order to make students become highly qualified, high-adapted and creative senior packaging engineering talents who understand both packaging technology and decision-making, the basic framework of the course system of packaging engineering is necessary to break the traditional basic courses → technical basic courses→ The old system of "three floors" of professional courses. The basic framework of the new curriculum system can be based on the three designs. The concept of engineering design explained in the previous section is implemented from the beginning to the end. That is: 1. The lower grades use the packaging and decoration design as the main line to organize teaching, and the decoration is easy to stimulate. Design, focusing on image thinking training. Courses include: graphic design modules (drawings, CAD, industrial design, packaging and decoration, art history, sketching, etc.), mathematical modules (caldivers, engineering mathematics, random mathematics), political thinking modules, foreign languages, sports, etc.
2. The middle-age class organizes teaching based on packaging structure design, focusing on technical content, focusing on logical thinking training. Courses include: packaging professional modules (packaging structure design, packaging materials, packaging technology, professional foreign languages), mechanical modules (mechanics, mechanical design and manufacturing base, packaging machinery), business management modules, etc.
In these years of educational practice, people have been constantly questioning this profession. What do you say about packaging engineering? It's not like a profession. Whatever you learn and what you don't have is fine. Does society need such a "generalist"? Some schools were suspended for various subjective and objective reasons. Some schools adjusted their professional orientation to their original packaging machinery. It was really a cross-border flow of the vast sea, and there was a big wave of Ebbing. Our packaging engineering majors were so ups and downs that they survived and were surviving with their hopes and explorations for the future.
Second, the characteristics of the packaging industry must face the 21st century exactly what kind of, and now there are different opinions. According to the current development trend of the society, it can be roughly summarized as the following:
1. The economic globalization is irresistible, and the flow of people, logistics, information flow, and capital flow is convenient.
2. High-tech, represented by information, biology, materials, and energy, is developing with each passing day.
3. The explosion of the knowledge economy has begun to take shape. Networking is profoundly changing human life patterns.
4. The concept of rationalization, such as sustainable development, cooperation and dialogue, and people-centeredness, has become more and more popular.
5. People are pursuing a new pursuit of spiritual civilization and human development.
As a result, social development in the future will show trends of speed, integration, rationalization, and multifariousness. Our higher engineering education must adapt to these changes and break through the tendencies and limitations of traditional education.
Third, the transformation of the above analysis, packaging engineering education for the 21st century is necessary to rethink, in the concept must be completely changed.
2,500 years ago, the Chinese educator Confucius advocated "teaching without class" and "teaching according to aptitude" in education. Western classical education rationalism believes that education is to promote human reason.
The education we are currently implementing is basically a science education and technology education thought from the former Soviet Union and the United States. In order to adapt to the needs of the industrial society, it is basically to look at education as an investment in resources for adults and as a means to provide backup talents for the development of science and technology and the production of large industries. Education pursues technical and economical practical goals, ignoring the changes in the human mind and cultivating personality; focusing on the study of practical knowledge and skills, ignoring the spirit and values ​​of human beings; re-inheriting while ignoring innovation. Therefore, modern education must be a complete education, that is, education must not only prepare for the actual material life of the educated in the future, but also conduct spiritual government to achieve the sublimation of personality. This is reflected in the three aspects that should be concerned with talent cultivation: K (knowledge) knowledge, A (Ability) ability, Q (Quality) quality; to know knowledge, to do, and learn to be (to be) )Relationship.
UNESCO’s education in the 21st century has stated that higher education should have four pillars:
1. Learning to know means to master the tools of understanding the world.
2, learning to do (learning to do), that is, learn to work in a certain environment. Emphasize the "change from skills to capabilities." Competencies include hands-on skills, as well as the ability to deal with interpersonal skills, social behavior, collective cooperation attitude, subjective initiative, communicative competence, ability to manage and resolve contradictions, and the courage to take risks.
3. Learn to live together, cultivate participation in the human activities and the whole spirit.
4, learning to be (learning to be) to adapt and transform their own environment. At present, we are still in the initial stage of socialism and the market economy is being perfected. Education should be the existence of noumenon, and it should not be seen only as a tool for training. Education is to serve the politics and economy of today, but it is also necessary to promote their development and teach people to learn to survive in value. The fundamental purpose of modern education should be to establish the subjective status of the educated in education, enhance their awareness of the subject, stimulate their enthusiasm, self-reliance, and creativity, internalize the social culture into the content of the educated subject structure, and make it develop into a Valuable subjective person. In short, the purpose of education is only to stay in the training of the scientific and technological talents needed for economic development. It is not enough, and there are also constructive people who are rich in the subjectivity of the screen.
As one of the engineering education in education and the connotation of the packaging engineering profession, there is also a frequently debated issue, which is the understanding of the word “engineeringâ€. We have repeatedly emphasized the importance of "engineering" education for the development of China's packaging industry. We must step out from the traditional mode of simple packaging and decorating.
The term engineering, and the word “engine†and “engineous†with inventions, all originate from the same Latin root engenium, which means talent, ability, and invention. Modern engineering is the application of scientific knowledge and economic knowledge to the art of designing, manufacturing, or completing construction projects, machines, and materials that are useful to humans. It is a process that artificially makes nature a reality in accordance with the established goals of human beings. It is a process in which humans create useful human resources. A practice of things. Engineering is a practical activity that includes technology and also includes non-technical (politics, economics, culture, art). Technology contains scientific principles, but also contains a variety of non-scientific (but only know it but I do not know what their experience, skills, know-how, may not know their intuition, inspiration, imagination, creativity).
The complete process of engineering activities includes three aspects: engineering conception, engineering design, and engineering practice. The engineering design is at the core position and is the basis for the creation of human activities.
One of the central issues facing the project is scarcity. Because resources (land, capital, energy, time, and attention) are scarce in use, resource allocation is a matter of rationality. There is no future for projects that are subject to social constraints and that are separated from national goals. The project will be influenced by different cultural exchanges, collisions and integrations. Engineering activities will also be constrained by the ecological environment.
In the face of actual engineering tasks, future engineers must sign the following four questions: Will it be done (the basic problems formed by the constraints of the scientific environment and the technological environment); Values ​​are not worthwhile (constrained by the economic environment) The basic issues of formation); whether it can be done (basic issues formed by constraints of the political environment and socio-cultural environment); should not be done (basic issues formed by constraints of the ecological environment).
Engineering is to create for its own mission. What needs to be created is something that is not yet available. This is an essential feature of the engineering profession. With the impulse to create, engineers will integrate conditions in all aspects, continue to advance through design and practice, and maximize social satisfaction. The essence of the project is his creation, invention, design, and construction. It is a synthesis, creation, and practice that integrates human reason, will, and emotion. The complexity of design is that it depends not only on science and technology, but also on cultural phenomena as well as commercial phenomena. Design is seen as a means of solving functions, creating markets, influencing society, and changing behaviors. It is an activity under the influence of multiple factors. The purpose of the design is to provide a more convenient, comfortable and economical service for the human society. At the same time, it also increases profits for enterprises and promotes market exchange and prosperity.
The current marketing concept is moving from the concept of consumer-centric marketing management to the concept of social marketing. Designers of packaging systems must consider the overall interests of society. The packaging engineering education should therefore strengthen the content in this area and solve the problems that currently have the highest demand for white pollution.
Engineering education should be extended and delayed. Primary and secondary schools should solve the basic education of knowledge and quality. When students enter university to study packaging projects, they must properly handle the cultivation of basic knowledge, skills, abilities, and qualities, and lay a solid foundation for them to continue their studies in the future. The graduates are just a fledgling engineer's bill, and they need to constantly update their knowledge and experience in the long-term work after graduation. Some of the more specific issues can be studied during graduate studies.
IV. Patterns The education model we are adopting still follows the traditional “processing modelâ€. Teachers imitate skilled craftsmen to design and process products, imagining students as raw materials, and according to their own goals and formulating teaching plans that meet the needs of the packaging industry. Process students into packaging engineers. Recently, we have also discussed the implementation of the “process modelâ€, which is to constantly adjust the education process according to the characteristics of the students’ growth and to develop the students who are interested in the packaging process to the craft, so that students who are interested in machinery learn more mechanical knowledge and make the fine arts. Students with good basics develop into packaging and decorating; or consider implementing two or three professional orientations and adopt slightly different educational processes. Both of these education models have failed to fundamentally change students' passive status. Therefore, under the premise that our country is still in the initial stage of socialism and there are some social abuses, before the exam-oriented education in secondary schools is not completely corrected, under the premise that the family’s excessive love for one-child children is difficult to change for the time being, we will explore ways to improve students’ learning initiative. Sexual and conscientious education models are particularly important.
According to the foregoing analysis, in order to meet the needs of the 21st century, as an ideal education model, it is necessary to achieve the following three changes:
1. Experts → Generalists (Targets: Basic, Complex, Global, Divergent). Narrow counterparts professional education → wide-caliber adaptive professional education based on general education → innovative generalist (grasping the overall situation) education.
2, teaching → education (mode: comprehensive, integrated, comprehensive, coordinated). Simply focus on knowledge transfer → the coordinated development of knowledge, ability, and quality → fully cultivate a new generation of people.
3, teaching → learning (process: personality, looseness, initiative, creativity). A teacher-centered, unilateral teaching concept of knowledge → A student-centered, teacher-led “learning conceptâ€, where teachers and students build knowledge structures, explore truth, and allow students to critically consider all power structures, adopting the “approval modelâ€. "To give full play to the students' ability to use them.
For China's current packaging engineering education model, it should be determined according to China's national conditions, it is impossible to achieve the above-mentioned ideal state. The initial assumption is whether a comprehensive "hierarchical model" can be implemented. That is to say, in the lower grades, students who still lack self-learning ability will be meticulously trained according to the “processing mode†and “process modeâ€. They will lay a good foundation, induce self-consciousness in learning, and gradually increase their learning ability and initiative. In the upper grades, the transition was based on the “critical mode†and faced student differences in their ability to teach students in accordance with their aptitude.
V. Framework In order to make students become highly qualified, high-adapted and creative senior packaging engineering talents who understand both packaging technology and decision-making, the basic framework of the course system of packaging engineering is necessary to break the traditional basic courses → technical basic courses→ The old system of "three floors" of professional courses. The basic framework of the new curriculum system can be based on the three designs. The concept of engineering design explained in the previous section is implemented from the beginning to the end. That is: 1. The lower grades use the packaging and decoration design as the main line to organize teaching, and the decoration is easy to stimulate. Design, focusing on image thinking training. Courses include: graphic design modules (drawings, CAD, industrial design, packaging and decoration, art history, sketching, etc.), mathematical modules (caldivers, engineering mathematics, random mathematics), political thinking modules, foreign languages, sports, etc.
2. The middle-age class organizes teaching based on packaging structure design, focusing on technical content, focusing on logical thinking training. Courses include: packaging professional modules (packaging structure design, packaging materials, packaging technology, professional foreign languages), mechanical modules (mechanics, mechanical design and manufacturing base, packaging machinery), business management modules, etc.
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