Just as we use paper shredders to destroy documents that are no longer useful or contain potentially destructive information, cells use molecular machines to degrade large molecules that are not needed or defective. Scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry now decode the structure of a protein complex (Ski complex) that plays a vital role in the degradation of ribonucleic acid (RNA). The research was published in the journal Cell on August 15. RNA is a type of molecule that is widespread and abundant in cells. It can perform multiple functions, such as translating genomic information into proteins. "The Ski complex we studied is responsible for supplying RNA molecules to degradation machines," said Felix Halbach, a scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry.
Any errors in the synthesis of RNA molecules, or the accumulation of unnecessary RNAs are harmful to the cell. Therefore, removing defective or no longer needed RNAs is a key step in cell metabolism. The protein complex called Exosome is responsible for this task. Exosomes are one of the research projects led by Elena Conti in the Department of Structural Cell Biology. However, researchers are still not very clear about the molecular mechanism of exosome regulation. Scientists at the Max Planck Institute have now elucidated the atomic structure and operating mechanism of the Ski complex involved in the activation of cytoplasmic exosomes. The Ski complex contains several subunits and is present in all eukaryotes from yeast to humans. "We have now confirmed that the Ski complex directly interacts with the exosomes to form a degraded RNA channel," Felix Halbach said.
Like DNA, RNA molecules often fold. In order for exosomes to degrade RNA, the RNA molecule must first unfold-this task is performed by the Ski complex. The unfolded RNA molecule is then guided through the connecting channel to the exosome. "This Ski complex provides RNA molecules to exosomes," Felix Halbach said. The results also revealed other similarities between exosomes and proteasomes. The proteasome is a protein complex responsible for degrading proteins in the cell. "Obviously, these two complexes are not only structurally and functionally similar, but their regulatory subunits also operate in a similar manner. They unpack RNA molecules or proteins, respectively, and guide RNA molecules to the active center of specific degradation machines. "Elena Conti said.
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