Printing is one of the four great inventions in China. It is a shining pearl in the treasure house of world cultural knowledge and the crystallization of technology and art. Whether it is from the selection of color separation parameters in the process of plate making, the setting of gray balance data, the reproduction of tone levels, or the control of the ink and ink balance during the printing process, and the effects of final binding and packaging, all reflect Aesthetic point of view. In a certain sense, the development history of printing is a history in which human beings reproduce beauty and spread beauty. The continuous development and improvement of printing technology is also the process of human pursuit of perfection. At present, various publishing houses are gradually implementing high quality and high price, and all printing companies are also paying close attention to product quality. How to improve the product quality of this enterprise and promote the development of printing technology is a comprehensive question. This article focuses on the relationship between the process of printing development and aesthetics, in order to attract the attention of the printing industry.
1. The beauty in printing exists objectively
Marx once pointed out that the progress of society is the crystallization of human pursuit of beauty. The level of human material civilization depends on the degree of technological progress, and technological progress has a close relationship with aesthetics. The penetration of aesthetics into material products, combined with technology, further improves the production process and the civilization level of products. The history of human material civilization shows that the birth and development of material civilization are the result of transforming nature in order to meet the needs of human society and adopt technological means and beautiful scales. The final result of printing is also to form a material product, which is naturally inseparable from this law.
The invention of printing has always been recognized by the world as "sacred art" and "mother of civilization". These two reputations fully reveal the relationship between printing technology and aesthetics. Before the invention of printing in our country, with the improvement of tools and technology, the ancients successively carved text on oracle bones, cast on copper and iron, carved on jade, written on bamboo and silk, and written on paper pages, using the law of beauty more consciously than once. Many creations have become rare treasures. However, from the perspective of development, whether it is technical or aesthetic, its historical limitations are great after all. With the constant standardization of Chinese characters, the continuous innovation of printing materials such as paper and ink, the increasing maturity of stamping and extension printing technology, and the increase in society's demand for copying text and images, the engraving printing was raised in the early Tang Dynasty, achieving a major in the history of printing. Compared with the past, the technological revolution has not only been completed in a book, but also has a large printing volume. It can spread ideology and culture on a larger scale, and the aesthetic level has also risen to a new stage. In the Song Dynasty, a golden age of engraving printing technology appeared.
The working people of our country have made elaborate works in carving, and the fonts used are Yan, European, Liu, Su, and thin gold. They are also divided into ancient, simplified, square, flat, round, etc., which are comparable to each other. Among them, the ancient style is more common, the calligraphy and painting are square, and the spirit is solemn. The Song type and imitation Song type commonly used today are derived from it; the font is divided into fine characters, small characters, Chinese characters, and large characters, which can adapt to various expression needs . The layout and the number of lines and distances of the grid have corresponding regulations, symmetrical and harmonious. The color of the ink is light and dark, and the frame is decorated with a wire frame, the upper and lower sides, and the left and right sides. At the same time, it uses a variety of different binding methods, simple and elegant, beautiful and beautiful. By the Yuan Dynasty, two-color printing of Zhu Mo appeared, and there were five-color printing during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. The engraving printing technology has been spreading for more than 1300 years in China, forming the traditional artistic features of book binding in China. China first invented movable type printing in engraving technology during the Northern Song Dynasty, which can be regarded as another technological revolution in the history of printing. Unfortunately, it has not been widely promoted. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, China's printing technology was introduced into Europe and developed into the latest technology of movable type printing. At the beginning of the 19th century, "export" was changed to "domestic sales", and Western printing technology was introduced to China. In the contemporary era, electronic typesetting and plate-making technologies have also been introduced; China has also invented a computer Chinese character typesetting system, and the beauty of the form of books, advertisements, and packaging has been continuously improved, gradually entering the modern level.
This shows that in the development of printing, people's pursuit of beauty is reflected. In particular, the quality standards for printed products promulgated by the state have established standardized standards in all aspects of plate-making, printing, and binding. It fully reflects that the beauty in printing exists objectively and has rules to follow. Practice tells us that only production according to national standards can meet the law of beauty and meet people's demand for beauty in printed products. Printing is a "sacred art" and the "mother of civilization" of mankind, which is an objective evaluation of printing by history.
Second, the methods of showing beauty in printing are diverse
"Animals are only built according to the scales and needs of the species to which they belong, but humans know how to produce according to the scales of any species, and know how to apply the internal scales to objects everywhere; therefore, people also follow the beauty Build by law. "This is a well-known saying by Marx. The development of printing technology is precisely because people have mastered their own internal laws of vision and psychology to invent these unique types of printing. It further confirmed the scientific nature of Marx's thesis.
There are many ways to show the beauty of printing, according to whether there is pressure when printing can be divided into pressure printing (relief printing, lithography, etc.) and pressureless printing (electrostatic printing, inkjet printing); according to the method of ink transfer can be divided For direct printing and indirect printing; according to the form of printed products can be divided into book printing, newspaper printing, packaging printing, etc .; according to the characteristics of the printing layout can be divided into relief printing, lithographic printing, gravure printing and stencil printing.
Letterpress printing refers to a printing method that uses letterpress printing. Letterpress printing is generally direct printing, which is the oldest printing method. Products printed with letterpress have a thick ink layer and good gloss. Therefore, letterpress printing is widely used in books, newspapers, packaging and decoration, gold and silver printing, anodized aluminum stamping, etc.
Lithography refers to a method of printing with lithography. Nowadays, lithography generally refers to the method of printing using PS plates, that is, the printing method in which the ink attached to the graphics and text on the printing plate is transferred to the paper via rubber, commonly known as offset printing. Lithography is indirect printing. Lithographic printing is fast in plate making, easy to install, fast in printing speed, and the color and tone of the printed matter are good in reduction. Therefore, lithography is widely used to print color pictures, pictures and illustrations, and is gradually applied to book printing. The ink layer of lithography products is thinner than that of letterpress products and gravure products.
Gravure printing refers to a printing method that uses gravure printing. The amount of ink transfer in gravure printing is much more than that in relief printing and lithographic printing, and the printing plate has high durability and good printing quality. Gravure printing products have the advantages of thick ink layer, rich color, and difficult to imitate, but the plate making process is complicated and the cost is high. At present, gravure printing is used for the printing of exquisite pictures, paper money, securities, stamps, plastic films and other printed materials.
The stencil printing refers to the printing method in which the graphic part of the printing plate can be missed to the substrate through the ink. It is divided into silk screen printing, typographic printing, stencil printing and hollow printing. During printing, under a certain pressure, the ink is transferred to the substrate through the holes in the graphic part of the printing plate. The stencil printing is direct printing, the amount of ink transfer is larger than that of gravure printing, and the product has a thick ink layer and a three-dimensional sense. The stencil printing can not only print on paper, but also print on wood, fabric, leather, metal, glass, enamel and other objects, with a wide range of applications. The main disadvantage of stencil printing is that the printing speed is slow and color printing is not easy.
As an important means of spreading spiritual civilization and material civilization, printing has so far been able to reproduce human wisdom through various methods, spread human civilization, and meet people's needs. Of course, with the development of the times, people's requirements for beauty are getting higher and higher, new printing technology will continue to improve, and new printing methods will continue to appear.
3. Aesthetics everywhere in printing
In the face of rows and lines of black fonts on the book layout, people wonder whether these black dots and lines have preserved the great spiritual wealth of the motherland and the world. Black has its own value in the field of beauty. Not only does it have a dark and gloomy character, it also has a solemn, solemn and calm temperament. It is precisely because of the characteristics that these other colors do not have that it has a special position in painting, aesthetics, and printing. This is not just the tradition of our country. It is also used in ancient Europe. It is really a good thing.
The color difference between white and black characters is very different, and the contrast is strong. It shows symmetry, uniformity, simplicity, elegance, and dignity in aesthetic vision. It is indeed a wonderful combination and is in line with visual hygiene. After thousands of years of practice, people have realized in reading that because the reflected light of black is zero, it is the best color for the eyes. Only black color is conducive to the rapid absorption of vision, so that people will appear quiet and comfortable in the process of reading, and in addition to pleasure, a natural aesthetic feeling will naturally appear. The creation of black as the ancestor of printing is indeed a far-sighted esthetician.
Printing is a craft technique, it is a tool to show and spread beauty. While showing beauty, it also embodies its own aesthetic concept. It is a combination of truth, goodness and beauty. Any beautiful things should have authenticity. Only by grasping the regularity of the objective world can we discover beauty and create beauty according to the thought of beauty. Anything "good" is a utilitarian value that can satisfy people's real needs. It is not only the root of beauty, but also the ultimate goal. When people use their own objective laws to guide their practice according to the concept of beauty, they create use values ​​that satisfy people ’s physical or spiritual needs. This achieves the purpose of goodness. Truth is the essential feature of things, goodness is the functional feature of things, and beauty is the feature of things' structure, so truth, goodness and beauty are often integrated into one.
The development of printing technology from screenless printing to screen printing is precisely because people have mastered the resolution of the human eye in the distance of clear vision, when the distance between two points is less than 0.01mm, it is the rule that two points are regarded as one point The invention invented the screening technology, decomposed the continuous tone image into the mesh tone image for printing, and produced products that meet the laws and requirements of beauty. It can be said that the development of screening technology is a leap in the history of printing development and an important manifestation of the pursuit of truth, goodness and beauty in printing technology.
Stalin said: "The dialectics believes that if any phenomenon in nature is viewed in isolation and unrelated to the surrounding phenomena, it cannot be understood, because any phenomenon in any field of nature, if it is regarded as the same The surrounding conditions are not connected, and the phenomenon of isolation from them makes society meaningless; on the contrary, if any kind of phenomenon is regarded as having an inseparable connection with the surrounding phenomenon, it is a phenomenon restricted by the surrounding phenomenon. , Then it is understandable and can be demonstrated. "The same is true of aesthetic phenomena. Printing has evolved from the initial screenless printing to screen printing. The most fundamental change is that the basic units that make up the image have changed. Screenless printing is based on the whole color block, that is, where there is a graphic, there is also a color block. The smallest unit of screen printing to make up graphics is the dot. If you look at each outlet in isolation, it will not produce beauty. Once these outlets are connected, they will show beautiful images to achieve the effect of conveying information and beauty. When the number of lines on the screen is fixed, the size of the dots changes with the level of the original graphic. The large dots indicate the depth of the graphic and the small dots indicate the shallowness of the graphic. So far, dots are the most effective way to express continuous tone originals with different shades. It is the unity of absoluteness and relativeness of beauty. It is a typical example of human beings successfully using aesthetic knowledge to serve themselves. People have invented the screening technology, so they also enjoy the beauty of the transformation of the screening technology to improve the quality of replication.
Continuous adjustment of color manuscript copy, mostly using four-color printing. Its color reproduction is through the transmission of dots and four-color overprinting. Therefore, it is closely related to tone reproduction. In four-color printing, any one-color dot change will have a significant impact on the correct color reproduction. Among them, not only to ensure the monochromatic hue based on the three primary colors, but also to achieve a neutral gray balance of the combination of yellow, magenta, and cyan. At the same time, the black version that plays the role of auxiliary color should be mastered well. This requires the operator to have a keen sense of color and to correct any color cast that may occur at any time. Operators who use monochromatic machines to print four-color products must also have the ability to identify the color shift of each monochrome printed sheet when the image is not yet complete. It can be seen that aesthetics is used everywhere in printing.
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