Basic knowledge of printing

Four-color printing: As long as the three colors of R + G + B collide in proportion, more than ten million colors can be generated. Why do you need black? Yes, black can be produced when the ratio of R.G.B is equal, but it needs three inks. Generating a color is not feasible from an economic perspective. In fact, in the design process, the use of black is very much, which is why it is necessary to use four-color printing. Another point: the black generated by RGB and its use Compared with the black obtained directly by the ink, the former has a sense of vain, while the latter feels more solid. 1. With the four-color principle, it is easier for everyone to accept. It is equivalent to four films at the time of output. It is also equivalent to the four channels of cyan, magenta, yellow, black (C, M, Y, K) in the channels in PHOTOSHOP. The modification of the channel when we process the image is actually the change of the film. Flat screen and hanging screen. Mesh: per square inch, the number of dots placed, 175 mesh for commonly used prints, 60 mesh to 100 mesh for newspapers, depending on paper quality. Special printing has special mesh, depending on Depends on the texture. The dots: round, oval, diamond, square, diamond, FM dots, etc. Mesh angle: The angle between the straight line formed by the most closely connected dots and the horizontal line is 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 75 degrees, and 90 (0) degrees. Flat screen: The dots of the whole film are regularly and evenly distributed and the size is the same, like a plane, there is no layering. The picture above is a flat net hanging: the dots are different in size, and the mesh has a layered sense.) What to do 1. Most of the output format of the file output center now uses the Founder Grid Century RIP (pspnt) output system, as well as HQ510, Israel ’s Sai Angel, Heidelberg and other phototype output systems. All support postscrit printer description files. That is, a file with a suffix of .ps. Other common file formats that can be directly RIP output are: s2, s72, ps2 (Founder Book Edition), EPS, TIF, PDF, etc. At present, the most commonly used design software: Photoshop, pagemaker, coreldraw, illustrator, etc., can generate a PS file or PDF file through the postscrip virtual printer, and s2 generated by some founder software such as Founder Book Edition, Vespa, Feiteng, etc. , Ps2, ps files can also be directly output in Founder Century RIP, but other output systems are not supported. There are some other word processing software such as word, wps2000, etc., which can also generate ps files through the posts cript virtual printer. In fact, pre-press output must be processed such as imposition, registration guidelines, cutting lines, etc., and word, wps2000 and other software can be said to be powerless in this regard, especially the color draft, once completed, go to the later stage Processing will bring great difficulties. Therefore, try to choose a series of professional design and layout software such as pagemaker. Second, the format and accuracy of the pictures Modern offset printing uses offset printing (four-color overprint), that is, the color picture is divided into four colors: cyan (C), product (M), yellow (Y), black (B) The four-color dot film, which is then printed into a PS version, is printed four times by an offset printing machine, and after being out, it is a colored printed product. The picture for printing is different from the usual picture for computer display. The picture must be in CMYK mode, not RGB mode or other modes. The image is converted into a dot during output, which is the precision: dpi. The theoretical accuracy of the image for printing should be at least 300dpi / pixel / inch, and the beautiful pictures that people often see on the computer usually feel very beautiful on the display. Most of the RGB mode pictures are 72dpi, and most of them cannot be used for printing. The picture used cannot be based on the display. Do n’t think that the picture is beautiful because it is seen by acdsee or other software, and it is also beautiful after being enlarged. It must be opened by photoshop. Use the image size to confirm its real Precision. For example, if the resolution of a certain picture is 600 * 600dpi / pixel / inch, then its current size can be enlarged to more than double to use without any problem. If the resolution is 300 * 300dpi, then it can only be reduced or the original size can not be enlarged. If the resolution of the picture is 72 * 72dpi / pixel / inch, then its size must be reduced, (dpi accuracy will be relatively large), until the resolution becomes 300 * 300dpi, it can be used. (When using this function, the "Redefine Pixel" option in the image size option in Photoshop is set to none.) Common image formats are: TIF, JPG, PCD, PSD, PCX, EPS, GIF, BMP, etc. At the time, TIF color, black and white bitmap, EPS vector or JPG = 3. The color of the picture. For some professional terms such as overprinting, overprinting, hollowing out, and spot color on printing, you can check some related printing basics, here Just say some common sense that must be paid attention to. 1. There is a line of blue words pressed on the hollowed out yellow bottom plate, then on the yellow version of the film, the position of the blue words must be empty. The same is true of the blue version. Otherwise, the blue things are printed directly on the yellow, the color will change, and the original blue words will become green. 2. There is a line of black characters pressed on a red printed board, so the position of the black characters on the red version of the film should not be hollowed out. Because black can suppress any color, if the black content is hollowed out, especially some small text, a slight error during printing will lead to the white edge, and the contrast between black and white is large and it is easy to see. 3. Four-color black This is also a relatively common problem. Before exporting, you must check whether the black text in the publication file, especially the small print, is only on the blackboard, and should not appear on other three-color editions. If this is the case, the quality of the finished product will be discounted. When RGB graphics are converted to CMYK graphics, the black text will definitely become four-color black. Unless otherwise specified, it must be processed before outputting the film. 4. When the picture is in RGB mode, the RIP system will automatically convert it to CMYK mode for output. But its color quality will be greatly reduced, and the finished product will be light in color, not bright, and the effect is very bad. It is best to convert the picture to CMYK mode in Photoshop. If it is a scanned manuscript, then it must go through the process of color correction before the picture can be used. [next] Fourth, the accuracy of film hanging nets The hanging net precision is generally called the hanging net mesh. The higher the hanging net precision, the more exquisite the printed product, but it has a greater relationship with paper and ink. If you print a high-mesh picture on general newsprint (newspaper), the picture will not only become more exquisite, but will become a mess (it is unbearable), so you must understand the printing of your prints before output What is the paper, and then determine the accuracy of the net. Commonly used paper and hanging mesh accuracy: imported coated paper or stickers, etc .: 175-200 lines, imported offset paper, etc .: 150-175 lines, ordinary offset paper, etc .: 133-150 lines, newsprint: 100-120 lines, to By analogy, the worse the quality of the paper, the lower the mesh size, and vice versa. Before pre-press output, the issues that must be noted are: 1. Use more commonly used design and production software during production, such as pagemaker, etc., as much as possible, such as word. 2. The mode of the picture in the text must be CMYK mode, and the precision is at least 300 * 300dpi / pixel / inch. 3. Check whether the text in the publication is a four-color character, and if it is, change it to monochrome 100% black. 4. If you use pagemaker, Weisi, Founder Book Edition, Illustrator, you must copy the linked image file and the original file together. 5. Photoshop files are preferably psd (unmerged layers) files for easy modification. 6. Use common fonts as possible, such as Founder and Wending. Try not to use rare fonts. If used, CorelDRAW and Illustrator first convert the text to an outline method to avoid the problem that the font cannot be output because there is no such font in the output center. If there is a supplementary word file, the supplementary word file must be copied together. 7. Clearly inform the output center of the finished product size, printing volume, printing paper, etc., to facilitate imposition and net hanging. 8. If the content of the two pages is the same, but the black text is different (often encountered), then only the four colors of CMYK on the first page and the K colors of the second page can be output, so as to avoid waste and save money. If there are only two colors (such as red and black) and the printing requirements are not high, you only need to output them in one color version at the same time, and there is no need to divide them into two color outputs. Just do it when printing plate making. Also save money. Dot angle green: 15 degrees red: 75 degrees yellow: 90 degrees black: 45 degrees The dot arrangement of general nets is neat, so there will be angles in application. For example, when printing in monochrome, the screen angle is mostly 45 degrees, this is based on the dots printed at this angle, which is the most visually comfortable and difficult to detect the presence of dots, resulting in a continuous gray tone effect. As for the printing of two colors or more, it is necessary to pay attention to the angle combination of the two screens, otherwise, unnecessary patterns will be produced, which is called “moier” (Moier). Normally, if the angle of the two nets is different by 30 degrees, there will be no net hit. Therefore, in general two-color printing, the main color or dark color is 45 degrees, the light color is 75 degrees, and the three colors are 45 degrees, 75 degrees and 15 Three angles such as degrees, if it is the four colors of color printing, 75 degrees for red, 90 degrees for yellow, 15 degrees for cyan and 45 degrees for black. And these angles are not limited, they are changed according to different needs. What is PostScript? PostScript is a programming language designed specifically for printing graphics and text. It has nothing to do with the printing medium, whether you are printing on paper, film, or on-screen display. It is a page description language, similar to HTML language. PostScript was proposed by Adobe in 1985 and was first applied to Apple's LaserWriter printer. The main goal of PostScript is to provide a device-independent language that can easily describe images. Device-independent means that there is no need to use any specific device characteristics (such as the resolution of the printer) to describe an image, so this description can be used on other PostScript printers without any modification. As a language, PostScript has its own set of grammar and format regulations. If you are interested in this aspect, please visit Adobe ’s website http: //, Adobe has comprehensive information. PostScript files are stored as text, similar to HTML files. You only need to open a PostSc ript file with WordPad, as shown in Figure 1. The Posts cript file itself only describes the features and parameters of the image to be displayed or printed in the Posts cript language. When displaying or printing the Posts cript file, it is interpreted and executed by the Posts cript interpreter to perform specific printing or display. The desired image. FIG. 2 is the display of the PostScript file in FIG. 1 in the PostScript file reader. It can be seen that the Postcrip file is displayed after interpretation, and the color page is obtained. Compared with other file formats, PostScript files have many advantages. The device-independence mentioned above is one of the most important points. PostScript files also have the advantage of being independent of the operating system platform. Because many Unix graphics environments inherently support PostScript as part of the core, you can read and print P osts cript files regardless of whether you are using Windows * as the system or Unix * as the system. More convenient. Because PostScript files are stored as text, the files are relatively small and suitable for transmission over the Internet. There is a unique advantage in printing and displaying on PostScript devices (printers, monitors), which can achieve the best results. There are several ways to generate Posts cript files: (1) You can refer to Posts cript language format and write a Posts cript file directly with a text editor according to your needs. Of course, if the file is more complicated, the workload is not small, and You must also be familiar with the syntax of PostScript; (2) You can use the functions provided by the special PostScript file editing software or some text and image editing software to generate PostScript files; (3) There is also one of the simplest methods, that is Add a PostScript printer (virtual) to your system, and then in a text editor or graphic editor, the image you need is printed to another file through that PostScript printer, and the resulting file is yours Posts cript file you want! Pre-press in the printing process refers to the work in the early stage of printing, generally refers to photography, design, production, typesetting, film production, etc .; mid-press refers to the work in the middle stage of printing, the process of printing the finished product through the printing machine; The post-processing of printed matter includes cutting, laminating, die cutting, bagging, mounting, etc. It is mostly used for publicity and packaging printed matter. Printing element paper: There are many types of paper, generally divided into coated paper and non-coated paper. Coated paper generally refers to coated paper (glossy copper) and matte powder paper (matte copper), mostly used for color printing; uncoated paper generally refers to offset paper, newsprint, and is mostly used for letterhead, envelope and newspaper printing. Color: General prints are embossed with four colors of yellow, magenta, cyan, and black, and there are also printing spot colors. Post-processing: Post-processing includes many processes, such as bronzing, embossing, etc., which helps to improve the quality of printed matter. [next] The classification of printed matter is based on the ultimate product category: office paper: envelopes, envelopes, office forms and other office-related printed matter. Propaganda: Refers to a series of printed materials related to corporate publicity or product publicity such as posters, promotional leaflets, product manuals, etc. Production: refers to large quantities of printed products directly related to production products such as packaging boxes and stickers. Offset printing by printing press: refers to lithographic printing, mostly used for four-color paper printing. Gravure printing: refers to printing with gravure (generally refers to steel plate), mostly used for plastic printing. Flexo printing: refers to the use of flexible material plates (generally refers to resin plates, etc.), mostly used for self-adhesive printing. Screen printing: it can be printed on various materials, mostly used for gift printing. Paper printing by material: the most commonly used printing. Plastic printing: mostly used for printing bags. Special materials: Printing refers to the printing of glass, metal, wood, etc. Choosing and using paper properly and reasonably is of great significance for ensuring the quality of publications and reducing the cost of publications. As a person engaged in materials management in the publishing and printing industry, not only should we select the types and specifications of the required papers in advance according to the publication plans of each department and quarter of the department, but also be able to accurately calculate the amount of papers required according to the publication plans. It is also necessary to coordinate and guide the printing staff to use paper reasonably, so as to reduce paper consumption and improve economic efficiency. (1) Selection of paper The selection of paper includes the selection of varieties, specifications and quality grades, etc., not only focusing on one aspect but ignoring other aspects. When selecting paper types, it is mainly necessary to choose according to the characteristics of the printed matter to be printed and the type of printing machine used. For color covers, illustrations or advertising inserts in printed books and periodicals, double-sided coated paper or offset paper can be used; for single-sided printed products such as printed trademarks, single-sided coated paper or single offset paper can be used; tools such as printing dictionaries, dictionaries, manuals Books should use dictionary paper or thin letterpress paper; for printing general books, you can choose offset printing paper or letterpress printing paper. It is also used to print general books. If you want to use it on a rotary press, you need to use roll paper (except the platform rotary press), if you plan to print on a general platform, you need to use flat paper; if you want to print on an offset press, you should use offset printed books, If printing on a letterpress printing machine, it is sufficient to use letterpress printing paper. There are many types of printed materials, and the type of paper used should be selected according to the specific characteristics of various printed materials. As for the selection of paper specifications, it involves the method of using paper for books and periodicals. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce the method of paper for general books and periodicals and the commonly used format. The paper produced by the paper production department in accordance with national standards is called full-open paper. A full-open paper is cut or folded into several small sheets of equal area. The number of openings is called the number of copies. The specifications of various formats have a unified standard across the country, so books printed throughout the country have the same size and the same size. Because the paper sizes of various specifications are different, although they are cut into the same format, their size and specifications are also different. After a book is booked, it is not clear how many formats are collectively called. China currently uses 787 * 1092 (mm) paper as the standard printing sheet, and uses it to print 32-books, called 32-books. If a 32-book book is printed on 850 * 1168 (mm) paper, the size of the paper is larger than the standard sheet, so a "big" character is required, which is called a large 32-book version. The choice of format is generally determined by factors such as the nature of the book, the number of pages, the level of readers, and conditions of use. There are no hard and fast rules. The format of books and periodicals is mostly cut with a geometric order of 2, which is convenient for folding into a book by using a machine when binding. The more common format is 16, 32, 64 format, the most commonly used format is 32 format. The geometric series of 2 opening method that starts the knife in the length direction is also the basic opening method commonly used, that is, the straight opening method. According to the geometric series of 2, the cutting can also be started in the width direction, which is the so-called horizontal opening method. The horizontal opening method is rarely used. Only certain covers, inserts and special printed papers use this opening method. For the special needs in publishing, sometimes non-geometric series of deformed format, such as 12 open, 18 open, 20 open, 24 open, 28 open, 36 open and so on. The deformed format cannot be folded by a machine, and it is more troublesome to open the material. Manual binding is required when binding, which is prone to errors. Therefore, general books and periodicals, especially those with a large number of prints, are rarely used. Non-geometric series of deformed opening methods include three opening methods, five opening methods, and seven opening methods. With the same format and method of printing and binding books, the size and area of ​​the format vary according to the specifications of the paper used, so pay great attention to the paper specifications when selecting paper. Generally speaking, more authoritative literature or social celebrity works often use 850 * 1168 (mm) large-size paper, while general novels and other common books mostly use 787 * 1092 (mm) standard-size paper. In addition, there is an international standard 880 * 1230 (mm), which has been officially included in the national standard. When choosing paper specifications, in addition to paying attention to the size of the paper, it is also necessary to choose a suitable basis weight. Generally, under the premise of meeting the printing and usage requirements, paper with a smaller amount should be selected as much as possible, so as to reduce the cost of publications. After the type and specifications of the paper used are selected, the quality grade of the paper must be selected very carefully. In other words, you should be familiar with the characteristics and quality status of various products in various paper mills, and understand and master the changes at any time. After the selection of paper types, specifications, manufacturers and quality levels is selected, it should also be noted that in the publishing process, it is best to use the products produced by a manufacturer at the same period to print the same book. Otherwise, because the color of the same variety of paper produced by different manufacturers at different times is often quite different, it will cause the "sandwich" phenomenon of printed books.

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